Balasagun (Kuz Ordu), established in the 10th century on the site of an older settlement by Karakhanids, was one of the largest medieval cities in Chuy valley. Along with Kashgar, Balasagun was one of the capitals of the Eastern Kaganate after the Karakhanid state split up. It is an example of a new development of cities in the region during the High Middle Ages 11th –12th century A.D., influenced by political, economic and social changes. Its history witnessed new phenomena of culture, as wide application of various systems of writing, development of ancient Turkic literatures, and introduction of Islamic arts. New political culture of governance, ethics and morals rules of Karakhanid Kaganate, the first Muslim Turkic state, reflected in literary and philosophical works of Turkic scientists - Mahmud Kashgari, Yusuf Balasaguni. It was saved from destruction by Genghis Khan's Mongols, and was renamed Gobalik (“good city”) in the 13th century, but the city lost its importance and had disappeared by the 15th century.
The town had a complicated layout covering 25-30 square kilometers. Archaeologists discovered ruins of a central fortress or palace complex dated from 12th – beginning of 13th century A.D., religious buildings, dwellings, a bathhouse (11th – 12th century A.D.), water supply system (ceramic pipes delivering water, Christian and Muslim cemeteries with examples of inscriptions in different languages. Two circles of walls surrounded the town with its arable land, workshops and markets. Although the Karakhanids, practiced Islam, they were tolerant of other religions.
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